Every major intelligence failure, especially if a traumatic error involving strategic surprise, is followed by a reexamination of the organizational structure of the intelligence community (or agency), including a detailed review of the decision-making process of each organization and its relationship to others. A serious and earnest attempt is made to introduce reforms that will once and for all improve the performance of the intelligence/policy-making communities and provide better warning of the approach of the next crisis. These structural reforms are chiefly directed at developing inter- and intra-organizational mechanisms to improve the analytical objectivity of the intelligence process, as well as to reduce the negative consequences of inter-organizational politics and competition, or the negative political interference of either the political elite or that of senior military and intelligence professionals. In the final analysis, all of the newly introduced mechanisms are designed to encourage greater objectivity by increasing the variety of inputs (i.e., different and competing opinions of diverse individuals and organizations into the intelligence process).
The simplest way to attempt to achieve this goal is by increasing the number of participating organizations. (Alouph Hareven 1998) As mentioned earlier, this creates new difficulties in coordination and cooperation and steps up political competition over scarce resources and for influence between the various agencies. Another approach to improvement of the decision-making process starts within each organization. The two types of reform will usually be carried out simultaneously, and generally complement each other. In each case, an attempt is made to neutralize inter- and intra-organizational political competition, 'equalize' the roles and influence of the participants by providing each the opportunity to express his views without fear of suffering any negative consequences.
Since no two (or more) organizations are ever equal-in their functions, performance, esprit de corps, or leadership-they are never equal in influence..................
