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Essay on Margaret Sanger and the Effects for Birth Control
A demographic revolution took place in the United States between 1800 and 1940. The high birth rates and high mortality characteristic of a premodern society were replaced by a new vital economy of fewer births and fewer deaths. The course of the demographic transition in the United States greatly differed, however, from the model developed by demographers’ intent on discovering the dynamics of economic development in the Third World. Americans began having fewer children before large-scale industrialization or urbanization took place, and dramatic declines in fertility preceded by at least a century the late nineteenth century advances in public health that gave the infant a good chance of surviving childhood. Thus, Americans began having smaller families in the absence of two factors that social scientists have often assumed to be determining -- rapid industrialization and declining infant mortality.
In 1800, American white women were having many more children than the women of Western Europe; by 1900 they were relatively infertile compared with their European sisters. Although early nineteenth century birth rates must be constructed from inadequate sources, the projections available indicate that in 1800 American women were bearing an average of 7.04 children; 5.21 in 1860; and 3.56 in 1900. This downward secular trend would continue until the 1930s, when the birth rate briefly fell below the level required to maintain the existing population. The low fertility of the 1930s is often viewed as a result of the Great Depression, but it should be seen as the culmination of a trend that had begun by 1800. More than half of the decline in fertility between 1800 and 1940 occurred during the nineteenth century and a considerable part before 1860.
Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) led a successful campaign from 1914 to 1937 to remove the stigma of obscenity from contraception and to establish a nationwide system of clinics where women could obtain reliable birth control services................
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