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Essay on Law Enforcement
Not everything computer-related is cyber crime, and not everything computer-related is computer crime. A person using a stolen telephone code to make free calls, even though the number is processed by a computer, is engaging in toll fraud, not computer crime. A person who embezzles $200 from the ATM of a company they work for still commits embezzlement, not cyber crime. The use of computers as incidental to another offense is not cyber crime. There are plenty of laws on the books already to classify many types of cyber crime. One way to do this involves thinking along the lines of asset forfeiture, or whether computers make up the fruits or instrumentalities of crime. This is a classification of cyber crime with the computer as target and computer as tool.
Computer as Target: This kind of activity is the wrongful taking of information or the causing of damage to information. Targeting a computer just to obtain unauthorized access is the hallmark of hacking, and the most serious criminal offense here is theft of information, followed by maliciousness, mischief, and wayward adventuring. Bypassing a password protected website to avoid payment would be theft of services, and foreign intelligence break-ins would be espionage. These are all familiar types of crimes, but hacking is typically done in furtherance of a larger scheme since the hacker wants to exploit all computational and encryption capabilities of a hacked system in order to weave through related computer systems. The activity can range from large-scale disruption to elegant hacking. DNS rerouting and denial of service attacks are the most disruptive. Subtle changes to a web page are elegant. Hackers also generally collect password lists, credit card info, proprietary corporate info, and warez (pirated commercial software). A list of specific offenses in this category might include:
- Arson (targeting a computer center for damage by fire)
- Extortion (threatening to damage a computer to obtain money)
- Burglary (break-ins to steal computer parts)
- Conspiracy (people agreeing to commit an illegal act on computer) ....
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