Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule, one exception being the Italian occupation of 1936-41. In 1974 a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), in 1991.
A constitution was adopted in 1994 and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995. A two and a half year border war with Eritrea ended with a peace treaty on 12 December 2000. Final demarcation of the boundary is currently on hold due to Ethiopian objections to an international commission's finding requiring it to surrender sensitive territory.
While retaining its time-honored culture, Japan rapidly absorbed Western technology during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After its defeat in World War II, Japan recovered to become an economic power and a staunch ally of the US. While the emperor retains his throne as a symbol of national unity, actual power rests in networks of powerful politicians, bureaucrats, and business executives. The economy experienced a major slowdown starting in the 1990s following three decades of unprecedented growth.
Location: Eastern Africa, west of Somalia. Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 38 00 E. Map references: Africa. Area: total: 1,127,127 sq km. water: 7,444 sq km. land: 1,119,683 sq km.
Area - comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Texas. Land boundaries: total: 5,328 km. border countries: Djibouti 349 km, Eritrea 912 km, Kenya 861 km, Somalia 1,600 km, Sudan 1,606 km. Coastline: 0 km. Maritime claims: none. Climate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation.
Terrain: high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley. Elevation extremes: lowest point: Denakil Depression -125 m. highest point: Ras Dejen 4,620 m. Natural resources: small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower. Land use: arable land: 9.9%. permanent crops: 0.65%. other: 89.45% (1998 est. )
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