Terrorism, depending on how you define it, may be as old as man's inhumanity to man. But according to most authorities, the modern term "terrorism" derives from the infamous "reign of terror" during the French Revolution. Maximilien Robespierre was one of the leaders and orators of the French Revolution of 1789, best known for his involvement in the Reign of Terror that followed. As a young man, he studied law and had a reputation for honesty and compassion. He sought to abolish the death penalty and refused to pronounce a required death sentence after becoming a judge. But as the revolution approached, Robespierre became head of the powerful Jacobin Club, a radical group advocating exile or death for France's nobility. In 1792, after Paris mobs stormed the palace of the Tuileries and dethroned King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, Robespierre helped organize the new revolutionary governing body, the Commune of Paris. He developed great love for power along with a reputation for intolerance, self-righteousness and cruelty.
The group known as the Jacobins and led by Maximilien Robespierre controlled the revolutionary government of France in 1793-94. This faction rounded up and executed those it deemed enemies of the revolution, including the deposed King Louis XVI, Queen Marie Antoinette and up to 40,000 others. If Robespierre was the first modern terrorist, he stands in contrast to his most recent descendants. One key difference is that he exercised the power of the French state.
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