Qin Shihuangdi
Qin Shihuangdi or Ch'in Shih-huang-ti (259-210 bc), first emperor of China (221-210 bc) and founder of the Qin (Ch'in) dynasty (221-206 bc), which gave its name to China. Although the dynasty fell apart four years after Qin Shihuangdi's death, many aspects of its system of government endured in imperial China for more than 2,000 years.
The future emperor was born Qin Zheng in Qin, a state in northern China. At age 13, he succeeded his father, Qin Zichu, king of Zhuang Xiang, as ruler of the Qin state and took the title King Zheng (sometimes spelled Cheng). At the time he ascended the throne, Qin was the strongest of China's seven so-called Warring States, which were remnants of the Zhou (Chou) dynasty, a feudal regime that ruled China from about 1045 bc until 256 bc. Over the centuries, nobles had become rulers of independent kingdoms and had taken up arms against one another.
Beginning in the 4th century bc, the Qin rulers who preceded King Zheng implemented reforms designed to strengthen the government of the Qin state. Military and administrative appointments, which had previously been determined by noble birth, were now decided by merit. Farmers, no longer enslaved servants, were allowed to own their land, and production increased. The Qin government strictly enforced laws issued by the rulers, and for this reason it is often described as Legalist.(James,1982)
Although King Zheng had ascended the throne in 247 bc, officials from his father's government continued to rule the Qin state until Zheng was declared of age in 238 bc. Upon assuming control, Zheng began planning the conquest of the other six states. In 230 bc Qin defeated Han, the weakest of the states, and within nine years it had conquered the others.
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