Introduction:
Renaissance is the term meaning 'rebirth' applied to an academic and imaginative movement that began in Italy in the 14th century, culminated there in the 16th century, and prejudiced additional parts of Europe in a great variety of ways. The idea of a renaissance refers to a revitalization of the principles of the traditional world, and the perception was used as early as the 15th century, by Italians who thought they were living at a time when the qualities of ancient art and literature were blossoming anew after centuries of barbarism. In the following century Vasari gave the idea of such a revival a systematically developed form; he thought that art had declined in the Middle Ages, had been set once again on its true path by Giotto, and had risen to its utmost heights in the work of his friend and hero Michelangelo. The conservatory of the connotation of the term from a cultural movement to a period of history began in the 18th century and this usage became resolutely established in the mid-19th century. John Ruskin used the phrase 'The Renaissance period' in The Stones of Venice in 1851, for instance, Jules Michelet called a volume of his history of France La Renaissance (1855), and in 1860 Jacob Burckhardt published his highly influential book Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy).
Michelet saw the revitalization as the direct opposite of the middle Ages, and even though Burckhardt did not share this view, he too had a to a certain extent romantic conception of the movement, seeing it as representing a great blossoming of the human spirit-'the discovery of the world and of man'. In Gombrich's words, 'The nineteenth century regarded the Renaissance as a movement of liberation from the monkish dogmatism of the Middle Ages expressing its new-found enjoyment of sensuous pleasure in the artistic celebration of physical attractiveness.' (Rhu, Lawrence F)
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