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Essay on Normal Human Developement
The socialization process consists of eight phases the eight stages of man. Eight stages of man were formulated, not through experimental work, but through wide ranging experience in psychotherapy, including extensive experience with children and adolescents from low as well as upper and middle social classes. Each stage is regarded as a “psychosocial crisis” (Leifer, 2004), which arises and demands resolution before the next stage can be satisfactorily negotiated.
These stages are conceived in an almost architectural sense: satisfactory learning and resolution of each crisis is necessary if the child is to manage the next and subsequent ones satisfactorily, just as the foundation of a house is essential to the first floor, which in turn must be structurally sound to support and the second story, and so on.
Learning Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust (Hope)
Chronologically, this is the period of infancy through the first one or two years of life. The child, well handled, nurtured, and loved, develops trust and security and a basic optimism. Badly handled, he becomes insecure and mistrustful.
Learning Autonomy Versus Shame (Will)
The second psychosocial crisis occurs during early childhood, probably between about 18 months or 2 years and 3½ to 4 years of age. The “well parented” (Sandfort, 2000) child emerges from this stage sure of himself, elated with his newfound control, and proud rather than ashamed. Autonomy is not, however, entirely synonymous with assured self - possession, initiative, and independence but, at least for children in the early part of this psychosocial crisis, includes stormy self - will, tantrums, stubbornness, and negativism. For example, one sees may 2 year olds resolutely fold their arms to prevent their mothers from holding their hands as they cross the street. Also, the sound of ‘NO’ rings through the house or the grocery store................
