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Essay on Bandura: Observational Learning and Violence
Bandura: Observational Learning and Violence
Bandura is the psychologist most closely associated with the notion of observational learning. Whilst accepting Skinner's view that we learn to do what we do because of the direct reinforcement of our responses to stimuli, Bandura adds that we learn also by observing the consequences of other people's actions. We can then imitate the behaviors that bring rewards and avoid those that are punished. We don't have to wait to get frostbite ourselves before we learn to wear gloves.
Observational learning is also known as imitation or modeling. In this process, learning occurs when individuals observes and imitate others’ behavior. There are four component processes influenced by the observer’s behavior following exposure to models. These components include: attention; retention; motor reproduction; and motivation (Bandura, Akers: pp.24-28).
Bandura's studies normally consist of closely observing children who are shown a 'model' behaving in a particular manner. The extent to which they imitate the model is then measured. The results appear to show that children are more likely to imitate models
- Who are similar to themselves
- Who are seen to be rewarded for their actions
- Who have some kind of prestige (because of their possessions, their strength etc.)
It is evident that other factors also play a role:
- If the motivational set is increased, for example by offering a reward for imitation of the model, then subjects are more willing to imitate
- Previous experience influences the attention paid to particular aspects of the model's behavior; for example children used to violence are more likely to pay attention to violent aspects of the model's behavior.
As a result of his observations, Bandura was convinced that learning does not take place solely through direct reinforcement.....................
