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Essay on Rank's Theory
Otto Rank’s most mature post-Freudian ideas are examined, focusing on Rank’s critique of psychoanalysis, and putting it in a broad historical context. Rank’s break from Freud is generally portrayed as disparaging to Rank.
Rank contends that the primordial belief is that of a soul. He traces the development of spiritual concepts of immortality, from primitive societies to modern Western civilization, and the rise and fall of the modern self. Science gained prominence over religion and philosophy, but denied the values it fostered, while claiming to be objective. Psychoanalysis began as therapy used to help certain people with emotional difficulties, but became a universal theory of the self that disguised the prevailing ideology of the day--that of the bourgeois personality and the values it represents.
In his post-Freudian works, culminating in the posthumously published Beyond Psychology(1941/1958), Rank offered a new conception of psychotherapy, psychology, and the human sciences which attempted to take into consideration the socio-historical context in which they are embedded. He variously used the phrases, "dynamic dualism," "dynamic will causality," and a "psychology of difference" to describe his corrective to the mechanistic determinism invoked by most of his contemporaries, as well as his predecessors, in their attempts to explain the world. These practitioners of the modern human sciences (e.g., Marx and Darwin; Freud, Adler, and Jung) had claimed that their theories represented sociological and psychological facts and universal laws that adequately reflected real life. However, in practice, Rank argued that these theories expressed ideologies by which their respective theorists sought to re‑create life in terms of a specific social order.
Rank affirmed that psychology had failed in its attempt to explain human behavior mechanistically, in strictly rational terms. Whereas initially, modern psychology had aroused hopes of curing most, if not all of society’s ills through the systematic application of its rationalistic methods................
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