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Essay on Pro and Cons of Type A Personalities
The search for "psychological" risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD) was driven primarily by the fact that the traditional risk factors, such as habitual cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, parental history of CHD, account for less than 50% of CHD cases. During the 1950s, two cardiologists, Friedman and Rosenman, identified a complex of behaviors that they considered to be risk factors for CHD. These behaviors include extreme ambition and competitiveness, impatience, aggressive and hostile behavior, and a sense of time pressure. These behaviors were labeled as the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern (TABP).
By way of summary, the Type A individual was described by Friedman and Rosenman as "a person who is aggressively involved in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and, if required to do so, against the opposing efforts of other things or other persons" (Friedman & Rosenman, 1974). Most often, the Type B behavior pattern is defined negatively, that is, the absence of Type A characteristics. Occasionally, investigators suggested a somewhat more positive definition of the Type B behavior pattern, for example, when they refer to this behavior pattern in terms of a "relaxed" lifestyle, but, so far, there is no precise conceptualization and definition of the Type B behavior pattern similar to that of the Type A behavior pattern.
It is important to point out that from the very beginning, anger, hostility, and aggressive behavior were considered to be part of the TABP, although by no means its only or even its most prominent constituents. The idea that Type A like behaviors may be related to CHD did not originate with Friedman and Rosenman. The contribution of these investigators consists of their efforts to operationalize and measure the Type A behavior pattern, so that its hypothesized role in CHD could be investigated in a scientifically convincing manner........................
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