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Essay on Product and Process in the Study of Intelligence
Intelligence is not an absolute such as height that can be measured simply, largely because people have multiple intelligences rather than one single intelligence. In all, there are seven forms of intelligence that have been identified. The two that are valued most highly in this society are linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences. When people think of someone as smart, they are usually referring to those two, because individuals who possess linguistic and logical-mathematical abilities do well on tests that supposedly measure intelligence. But there are five other kinds of intelligence that are every bit as important: Spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic and two forms of personal intelligence interpersonal, knowing how to deal with others, and intrapersonal, knowledge of self. None of these ought to have a priority over others.( Reiss, S. M. 1989) The relative importance of these seven intelligences has shifted over time and varies from culture to culture. In a hunting society, for example, it is a lot more important to have extremely good control of your body and know your way around than to add or subtract quickly. In Japanese society, interpersonal intelligence the ability to work well in groups and to arrive at joint decisions is very important.
Historically, different systems of education have emphasized different blends of intelligence. In the old apprenticeship system, bodily, spatial and interpersonal abilities were valued. In old-fashioned religious schools, the focus was on linguistic and interpersonal abilities. The modern secular school emphasizes the linguistic and logical-mathematical, but in the school of the near future I think that linguistic will become much less crucial. For working with computers, logical-mathematical intelligence will be important for programming, and intrapersonal intelligence will be important for individual planning. Studies show that when someone suffers damage to the nervous system through a stroke or tumor, all abilities do not break down equally.................
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