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Essay on Emotional and Social Development in Middle Adulthood
Middle Adulthood begins at about age 13 (12 to 14) years and ends at about the time that adult responsibilities are assumed. Obviously, great individual variation exists when the latter stages of adolescence are reached. Some individuals may assume many adult responsibilities and become relatively independent by age 17, whereas others may continue to be partially or fully dependent on their parents well into chronological adulthood. For purposes of this discussion, the adolescent developmental research reviewed is limited to the upper teenage years.
According to Piaget (1983), the beginning of adolescence coincides with the formal operations stage of cognitive development. Youth in this stage characteristically develop the ability to use formal logic and to apply mental operations to abstract as well as concrete objects. Adolescents tend to become increasingly systematic in their problem-solving efforts, gradually reducing reliance on quick trial-and-error methods. It is important to recognize that not all persons reach this stage of cognitive development. Thus, persons with impaired cognitive functioning or related developmental disabilities may never acquire these higher level cognitive skills.
During adolescence, some persons reach what Kohlberg (1969) described as postconventional moral reasoning. This higher level of moral reasoning is characterized by making decisions about right or wrong based on abstract internalized values rather than relying solely on conventions, expectations, or external consequences as moral guides. As with the formal operations cognitive stage, some individuals may never reach this higher level of moral decision making.
Most of the Western industrialized world has adopted the notion that adolescence is a period of psychosocial storm and stress. Although there is considerable disagreement in the psychological literature on the universality of such adolescent turmoil widely influential work has suggested that the identity versus confusion crisis presents a major developmental task during this period. Although individuals solve this task in differing ways, and some put off the task until later in life.....................
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