Sauropods are a subgroup of the saurischian, or "lizard-hipped," dinosaurs. This collection of quadrupedal (four-legged), herbivorous animals had a relatively simple body plan, which varied only slightly throughout the group. Early relatives of the sauropods, the Late Triassic plateosaurs or prosauropods, may have occasionally stood on their hind legs. True sauropods, such as Diplodocus shown here, appeared in the Late Triassic and began to diversify in the Middle Jurassic, about 180 million years ago. They had very long necks and tails, relatively small skulls and brains, and erect limbs reminiscent of the limbs of elephants. The nostrils of these animals were located high up on the skulls, rather than being located at the end of the snout like those of so many other terrestrial vertebrates. In fact, in some examples these nostril openings were so far up the skull that they were very close to the eye openings. Still another unusual feature, which appeared in some of the later sauropods, was rudimentary body armor.
Geographically, these animals were widespread, with remains, in the form of bones or footprints, having been found on all of the continents except Antarctica. In addition to their wide geographic distribution, sauropods are one of the most long-lived groups of dinosaurs, spanning some 100 or so million years, from the Lower Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous. The end of the Jurassic represents, in terms of abundance, the zenith in sauropod history. (Monastersky, Richard)
Sauropods initially appeared in the late Triassic, where the premature versions resembled the Prosauropoda . By the Late Jurassic (180 million years ago), the diplodocids and brachiosaurids were widespread, but they died out in the Early Cretaceous. The second great wave of sauropods, the titanosaurids, were world-wide by the Late Cretaceous, until all dinosaurs perished, most likely as a result of a bolide impact leading to the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event........
