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Essay on Attention and Pain
From a cognitive perspective it may be argued that different words for the same behavior can evoke different emotional responses. But the words used to encourage are not arbitrary choices. The shift his behavior depends on a shift in motives. And although there are many possible explanations for about-face, a model built with multiple affect systems does a better job of explaining the change in attitude than cognitive models that either ignore affect altogether or simply view positive emotions as the opposite of negative ones. The relationship between emotions and attention is how feelings influence ability to adapt to chronic pain.
Michael Posner and colleagues (Harman, Rothbart, & Posner, 1997) demonstrated that strong emotions are not easily extinguished by cognitive means. In their experiment they sought to soothe the distress of 3- to 6-month-old infants through a cognitive coping device called distraction. To gather data on distress, the researchers distressed the infants slightly by over stimulating them with certain lights and sounds. Next, they soothed the child with interesting sights and sounds. In this case, the children stopped crying because they immediately oriented to the interesting stimuli. The interesting part is what happened after the novelty wore off. Did the child go on as if nothing had happened? That would be the prediction of purely cognitive models of affect regulation. But it turned out that the child is not really relieved of distress as a consequence of the distracting events. Posner and Rothbart (1998) found that once the new orienting stimulus stopped, the child returned to nearly the same level of distress he or she had experienced before the distraction. Apparently, there is a storage site for this distress, a “distress keeper” that is retained even during the young child's distraction to the novel sounds....................
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