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Essay on Brain Structure and Function With Respect To Long-Term and Short-Term Memory with the Influence of Disease States
Memory is a complex process requiring the coordination of many different regions of brain and many neurotransmitter systems. Among the various neurotransmitter systems, the cholinergic system has attracted special attention because lesions leading to loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain can cause defects of memory [23], [47] and [58], muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists when given to animals can induce memory deficit [2] and [21] and agonists [17] and [43] as well as cholinesterase inhibitors [9] and [28] when given to memory impaired animals or dementia patients can improve the memory.
Long and short term memory deficit is the most significant characteristics of many different types of dementia among which Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most extensively studied. AD is characterized by a global and progressive deterioration of long and short term memory, cognition and personality, with long and short term memory disorder as the most prevalent and prominent feature in the early stages [7] and [36]. In recent years, much progress has been achieved on the pathogenesis of AD such as the neurotoxic effect of amyloid β-protein deposition, the neurodegeneration caused by tau protein hyperphosphorylation and the genetic factors and non-genetic risk factors related to the development of AD [24], [42] and [44]. New therapeutic approaches along these routes are under active investigations. On the other hand, long and short term memory disorder is still generally accepted to be directly and closely related to the disorder of cholinergic system in the brain. Neuronal loss has been reported in practically all the cholinergic cell groups in basal forebrain of AD patients [16]. The reduction of choline acetyltransferase activity in the cortex [6] and [10] as well as the extent of cholinergic neuronal loss [26] and [41] has been reported to significantly correlate to the degree of dementia.......................
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