Positive reinforcement is one of the key concepts in behavior analysis, a field within psychology. Positive reinforcers are something like rewards, or things we will generally work to get. However, the definition of a positive reinforcement is more precise than that of reward. Specifically, we can say that positive reinforcement has occurred when three conditions have been met:
- A consequence is presented dependent on a behavior.
- The behavior becomes more likely to occur.
- The behavior becomes more likely to occur because and only because the consequence is presented dependent on the behavior. (David,1994)
What are different types of reinforcers?
Natural and Direct Reinforcement:
This type of reinforcement results directly from the appropriate behavior. For example, interacting appropriately with peers in group activities will lead to more invitations to join such activities.
The natural reinforcement for appropriate bids for attention, help, participation, etc. is providing the attention,
help and opportunity to participate. The goal should always be to move the student to natural and intrinsic reinforcement.
Social Reinforcers:
These are reinforcers which are socially mediated by teachers, parents, other adults, and peers which express approval and praise for appropriate behavior. Comments ("Good job," "I can tell you are working really hard," "You're nice"), written approval ("Super"), and expressions of approval (nodding your head,smiling, clapping, a pat on the back) are all very effective reinforcers.
Activity Reinforcers:
Activity reinforcers are very effective and positive for students. Allowing students to participate in preferred activities (such as games, computer time, etc.) is very powerful, especially if part of the reinforcement is being allowed to choose a classmate with whom to participate in the activity. This also provides social reinforcement from the partner.
Tangible Reinforcers:
This category includes edibles, toys, balloons, stickers, and awards. Edibles and toys should be used with caution.........
