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Essay on Professional Baseball - The Perfect Oligopoly
Did the Negro Leagues of the first half of this century have to dissolve the way that they did? Historians attribute their failure to integration. It is true that the very existence of teams of Black players was due to the invidious exclusion of Black players from Major League Baseball. However, the demise of the Negro Leagues was not an inevitable consequence of the Major Leagues' inclusion of Black players after Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers fifty years ago. The absorption of one or more teams into the Major Leagues might have been a possibility if the Negro League owners had understood the monopoly forces they faced, if the civil rights community had been supportive of the owners, and/or if the Major League owners could have overcome their bigotry.
Fifty years have passed since Branch Rickey lured Jackie Robinson from the Kansas City Monarchs to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Nearly thirty years have passed since the Indianapolis Clowns, the last surviving Negro League team, closed its doors and ceased to play ball. Historians attribute this failure to integration. This article challenges that view. It is true that the very existence of teams of Black players (usually with Black owners) was due to the exclusion of Black players from "Organized Baseball." The formation of the Negro Leagues also resulted from, but did not necessarily occur because of, the purposeful segregation of the Major Leagues. Their establishment was driven by economics; team owners were trying to improve the quality of their product and profitability. Whatever the cause for their existence, the survival of organizations like the American Tennis Association (ATA), the Harlem Globetrotters and Black college sports in general demonstrates that the demise of the Negro Leagues was not an inevitable consequence of the Major Leagues' inclusion of Black players...........
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